How to Prime a Well Pump: A Step-by-Step Guide

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If you rely on a private well for your water supply, you know how important it is to keep your well pump running smoothly. But what happens when your pump suddenly stops delivering water, or begins making strange noises? One of the most common culprits is air in the system—meaning your pump has lost its prime.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know—from understanding the basics of how your pump works, to the tools you’ll need, and a clear step-by-step process to get your water flowing again.

How to Prime a Well Pump: A Step-by-Step Guide

1. Understanding Well Pumps and Priming

What Is a Well Pump?

A well pump is a mechanical device used to extract water from a private water well. It draws water from underground aquifers and delivers it into a home or irrigation system. Well pumps are commonly used in rural or off-grid areas where access to municipal water systems is limited or unavailable.

There are two main types of well pumps: jet pumps and submersible pumps. Jet pumps are typically installed above ground and use suction to pull water from the well. Submersible pumps, on the other hand, are installed deep inside the well and push water to the surface. While submersible pumps are self-priming, jet pumps generally require manual priming to function correctly.

What Does “Priming” Mean?

Priming is the process of removing air from the pump and the suction line and filling them with water. Since jet pumps rely on suction, they cannot operate properly if there is air trapped in the system. Without water in the pump casing, the impeller will spin without creating enough suction to draw water from the well — this is known as “running dry,” which can damage the pump.

When you prime a well pump, you’re essentially “kickstarting” the system by filling it with water, enabling it to build the vacuum pressure needed to lift water from the well and move it through your plumbing.

Why Priming Is Important

If your pump loses its prime — for example, due to a power outage, a leak in the suction line, or routine maintenance — it won’t be able to draw water. This can lead to a sudden loss of water pressure in your home and potential damage to the pump if it’s left running dry.

Understanding how to prime your well pump is a valuable skill for any homeowner who relies on a private water system. It’s a relatively simple process, but doing it correctly can save you time, money, and stress down the line.

2. Tools and Materials You’ll Need

2. Tools and Materials You’ll Need

Basic Tools for the Job

Before you begin priming your well pump, it’s important to gather the necessary tools. At the very least, you’ll need a wrench or screwdriver, depending on the design of your pump. These tools are used to remove the priming plug or cap that allows access to the pump casing. Always check your pump’s manual to determine which tool is required, as different models may use different fittings.

A bucket is also essential. You’ll use this to carry clean water to the pump for priming. Depending on the depth of the system and how much water it takes to fill the casing, you might need multiple buckets to ensure the pump is fully primed.

Water Source

You’ll need access to a source of clean water — preferably potable, or at least sediment-free. This water will be poured directly into the pump casing, so it’s crucial to avoid introducing dirt, debris, or contaminants into the system. Using a hose from an alternate water supply can make this step easier, especially if your pump is located far from your home or another water source.

Some homeowners use a garden hose connected to a neighbor’s outdoor faucet, a rain barrel, or a large water tank for this purpose. Just make sure the pressure isn’t too high when using a hose, as excessive force can cause splash-back or push air back into the system.

Optional But Helpful Supplies

Depending on the condition and configuration of your pump system, a few optional items can make the priming process smoother. Teflon tape (also known as plumber’s tape) can be useful for resealing the threads on the priming plug when you reinstall it, helping to prevent air leaks.

A flashlight or headlamp can come in handy if your pump is located in a dark or hard-to-reach place, such as a crawlspace or pump house. It’s also wise to wear work gloves to protect your hands, especially if you’re dealing with older or rusted components.

Safety Gear

While priming a pump isn’t particularly dangerous, it’s still a good idea to have basic safety equipment. Make sure to shut off the power to the pump before beginning any work, and use a voltage tester if you’re unsure whether the circuit is still live. Water and electricity don’t mix, so erring on the side of caution is always the best approach.

3. Step-by-Step Guide to Priming a Well Pump

3. Step-by-Step Guide to Priming a Well Pump

Step 1: Turn Off the Power

Before doing anything else, make sure the power to your well pump is completely shut off. This is critical for your safety and helps prevent the pump from running dry, which can cause internal damage. Locate the appropriate breaker in your electrical panel and switch it off. Double-check by trying to turn the pump on—if it doesn’t respond, you’re safe to proceed.

Step 2: Locate and Remove the Priming Plug

Next, find the priming plug on your pump. This is usually located on the top of the pump housing. It may look like a bolt or cap and is often made of plastic or metal. Use a wrench or screwdriver (depending on the design) to carefully loosen and remove it. Keep the plug in a clean, safe place—you’ll need it again in just a few minutes.

Step 3: Fill the Pump with Water

With the priming plug removed, slowly pour clean water into the pump casing using a bucket or hose. Pour until the chamber is full to the brim. You may notice water beginning to back up or overflow slightly—that’s a good sign. It means the pump housing is full and air is being pushed out.

If you’re using a hose, keep the flow gentle to avoid stirring up bubbles or splashing. Sometimes, the water level may drop again as it fills the suction line—continue pouring until the water no longer recedes quickly. This indicates that both the pump and the suction line are sufficiently filled.

Step 4: Reinstall the Priming Plug

Once the pump is filled with water, securely reinstall the priming plug. Make sure it is tightened well to avoid air leaks, which can cause the pump to lose its prime again. If the threads on the plug look worn or loose, wrapping them with a small amount of Teflon tape can help ensure a tight seal.

Step 5: Restore Power to the Pump

Now, go back to your electrical panel and restore power to the pump. The pump should start running within a few seconds. Listen carefully for how it sounds—ideally, it should run smoothly and begin building pressure in the system. If it sounds like it’s sucking air or fails to pull water, you may need to repeat the priming process.

Step 6: Monitor Water Flow and Pressure

Check the faucets in your home to see if water is flowing steadily. If you have a pressure gauge on your pump or pressure tank, keep an eye on the reading. It should gradually rise as the system pressurizes. If pressure builds and holds, the priming was successful.

You might need to repeat the process a couple of times, especially if there was a large amount of air in the system or the suction line is particularly long. Don’t be discouraged—getting a strong, consistent prime is essential for your pump’s performance and longevity.

Step 7: Inspect for Leaks or Air Pockets

Finally, take a few minutes to inspect the pump and surrounding fittings for any signs of leaks or hissing sounds, which could indicate trapped air. Tighten any loose connections and check that the pump remains primed over the next few hours of operation.

Enjoyed this guide of how to prime a well pump? Then be sure to check out our other pump reviews.

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